4.2.58. WFA¶
Warning
This program requires a submodule.
The WFA program of the Molcas program system provides various visual and quantitative wavefunction analysis methods. It is based on the libwfa [223, 224] wavefunction analysis library. The interface to Molcas is described in Ref. [225].
The program computes natural transition orbitals (NTO) [226, 227], which provide a compact description of one-electron excited states. Natural difference orbitals (NDO) [227] can be computed to visualize many-body effects and orbital relaxation effects [228]. A module for the statistical analysis of exciton wavefunctions is included [229, 230], which provides various quantitative descriptors to describe the excited states. Output is printed for the 1-electron transition density matrix (1TDM) and for the 1-electron difference density matrix (1DDM). A decomposition into local and charge transfer contributions on different chromophores is possible through the charge transfer number analysis [231], which has been integrated into Molcas recently. Postprocessing is possible through the external TheoDORE [232] program.
WFA supports full use of spatial symmetry and can analyse transitions between different spin multiplicities and particle numbers.
4.2.58.1. Installation¶
The WFA module is currently not installed by default. Its installation occurs via CMake. It requires a working HDF5 installation (including C++ bindings) and access to the include files of the Armadillo C++ linear algebra library. In the current settings, external BLAS/LAPACK libraries have to be used. Use, e.g., the following commands for installation:
FC=ifort cmake -D LINALG=MKL -D WFA=ON -D ARMADILLO_INC=../armadillo-7.300.0/include ..
To obtain the required libraries, you can use on Ubuntu:
sudo apt install libhdf5-dev libhdf5-cpp-103
Alternatively, you can link against the dynamic HDF5 libraries distributed along with Anaconda.
4.2.58.2. Dependencies¶
The WFA program requires HDF5 files, which are written by either SCF, RASSCF, or RASSI. In the case of RASSI, the TRD1 keyword has to be activated.
4.2.58.3. Files¶
4.2.58.3.1. Input files¶
- WFAH5
All information that the WFA program needs is contained in this HDF5 file. The name can be adjusted with the H5FIle option.
4.2.58.3.2. Output files¶
- WFAH5
The orbital coefficients of NOs, NTOs, and NDOs are written to the same HDF5 file that is also used for input.
- *.om
These are input files for the external TheoDORE program.
- OmFrag.txt
Input file for TheoDORE.
For a seamless interface to TheoDORE, you can also create the tden_summ.txt file via
grep '^|' molcas.log > tden_summ.txt
The NOs, NTOs, and NDOs on the HDF5 file can be accessed via Pegamoid. Alternatively, the orbitals can be converted to Molden format via the Molpy program. Call, e.g.:
penny molcas.rassi.h5 --wfaorbs molden
4.2.58.4. Input¶
The input for the WFA module is preceded by:
&WFA
4.2.58.4.1. Keywords¶
Basic Keywords:
- H5FIle
Specifies the name of the HDF5 file used for reading and writing (e.g. $Project.scf.h5, $Project.rasscf.h5, $Project.rassi.h5). You either have to use this option or rename the file of interest to WFAH5.
- WFALevel
Select how much output is produced (0-4, default: 3).
- CTNUmmode
Specifies what properties are computed in a TheoDORE-style fragment-based analysis (0-3, default: 1). This requires defining fragments via ATLIsts.
0 — none
1 — Basic: POS, PR, DEL, CT, CTnt
2 — Extended: POS, POSi, POSf, PR, PRi, PRf, DEL, COH, CT, CTnt
3 — For transition metal complexes: POSi, POSf, PR, CT, MC, LC, MLCT, LMCT, LLCT
The definition of the descriptors is provided here. For a more fine-grained input use PROPlist.
- ATLIsts
Define the fragments in a TheoDORE-style analysis. Note: If symmetry is turned on, then Molcas may reorder the atoms. In this case it is essential to take the order Molcas produced (seen for example in the Molden files).
The first entry is the number of fragments. Then enter the atomic indices of the fragment followed by a *. Example:
ATLISTS 2 1 2 4 * 3 *
Note: This input can be generated automatically via TheoDORE by suppling a file with coordinates coord.mol and running
theodore theoinp -a coord.mol
- REFState
Index of the reference state for 1TDM and 1DDM analysis (default: 1).
Advanced keywords for fine grain output options and debug information:
- MULLiken
Activate Mulliken population analysis (also for CT numbers).
- LOWDin
Activate Löwdin population analysis (also for CT numbers).
- NXO
Activate NO, NTO, and NDO analysis.
- EXCIton
Activate exciton and multipole analysis.
- DOCTnumbers
Activate charge transfer number analysis and creation of *.om files.
- H5ORbitals
Print the NOs, NTOs, and/or NDOs to the HDF file.
- PROPlist
Manual input of properties to be printed out in a TheoDORE-style fragment based analysis. Use only if CTNUMMODE does not provide what you want.
Enter as a list followed by a *, e.g.
PROPLIST Om POS PR CT COH CTnt *
The full list of descriptors is provided here.
- DEBUg
Print debug information.
- ADDInfo
Add info for verification runs with pymolcas verify.
4.2.58.4.2. Input example¶
* Analysis of SCF job
&SCF
&WFA
H5file = $Project.scf.h5
* Analysis of RASSCF job
* Reduced output
&RASSCF
&WFA
H5file = $Project.rasscf.h5
wfalevel = 1
* Analysis of RASSI job, use the TRD1 keyword
&RASSI
TRD1
&WFA
H5file = $Project.rassi.h5
ATLISTS
2
1 2 4 *
3 *
4.2.58.5. Output¶
4.2.58.5.1. State/difference density matrix analysis (SCF/RASSCF/RASSI)¶
RASSCF analysis for state 2 (3) A
or
RASSI analysis for state R_2
Descriptor |
Explanation |
|---|---|
|
Number of unpaired electrons \(n_u=\sum_i\min(n_i, 2-n_i)\) [227, 233] |
|
Number of unpaired electrons \(n_{u,nl}=\sum_i n_i^2(2-n_i)^2\) |
|
NO participation ratio \(\text{PR}_{\text{NO}}\) |
|
Promotion number \(p_D\) and \(p_A\) |
|
D/A participation ratio \(\text{PR}_D\) and \(\text{PR}_A\) |
|
Mean position of detachment density \(\vec{d}_D\) [230] |
|
Mean position of attachment density \(\vec{d}_A\) |
|
Linear D/A distance \(\vec{d}_{D\rightarrow A} = \vec{d}_A - \vec{d}_D\) |
|
RMS size of detachment density \(\sigma_D\) |
|
RMS size of attachment density \(\sigma_A\) |
4.2.58.5.2. Transition density matrix analysis (RASSI)¶
RASSI analysis for transiton from state 1 to 2 (Tr_1-2)
Output listing |
Explanation |
|---|---|
|
Largest NTO occupation numbers |
|
\(\Omega\), Sum of NTO occupation numbers |
|
NTO participation ratio \(\text{PR}_{\text{NTO}}\) [231] |
|
\(S_{H|E}=-\sum_i\lambda_i\log_2\lambda_i\) [234] |
|
\(Z_{HE}=2^{S_{H|E}}\) |
|
Replace \(\lambda_i\rightarrow \lambda_i/\Omega\) |
|
Norm of the 1TDM \(\Omega\), single-exc. character |
|
Sum over absolute (\(Q^t_a\)) or squared (\(Q^t_2\)) transition charges |
|
Local contributions: Trace of the \(\Omega\) matrix with respect to basis functions (LOC) or squareroots of the values (LOCa) |
|
Exp. value of the particle-hole permutation operator, measuring de-excitations [235] |
|
Mean position of hole \(\langle\vec{x}_h\rangle_{\text{exc}}\) [230] |
|
Mean position of electron \(\langle\vec{x}_e\rangle_{\text{exc}}\) |
|
Linear e/h distance \(\vec{d}_{h\rightarrow e} = \langle\vec{x}_e - \vec{x}_h\rangle_{\text{exc}}\) |
|
RMS hole size: \(\sigma_h = (\langle\vec{x}_h^2\rangle_{\text{exc}} - \langle\vec{x}_h\rangle_{\text{exc}}^2)^{1/2}\) |
|
RMS electron size: \(\sigma_e = (\langle\vec{x}_e^2\rangle_{\text{exc}} - \langle\vec{x}_e\rangle_{\text{exc}}^2)^{1/2}\) |
|
\(d_{\text{exc}} = (\langle \left|\vec{x}_e - \vec{x}_h\right|^2\rangle_{\text{exc}})^{1/2}\) [229] |
|
\(\text{COV}\left(\vec{x}_h,\vec{x}_e\right) = \langle\vec{x}_h\cdot\vec{x}_e\rangle_{\text{exc}} - \langle\vec{x}_h\rangle_{\text{exc}}\cdot\langle\vec{x}_e\rangle_{\text{exc}}\) |
|
\(R_{eh} = \text{COV}\left(\vec{x}_h,\vec{x}_e\right)/\sigma_h\cdot\sigma_e\) [230] |
|
\((\langle \left|\vec{x}_e + \vec{x}_h\right|^2\rangle_{\text{exc}}-\langle \vec{x}_e + \vec{x}_h\rangle_{\text{exc}}^2)^{1/2}\) |